Alternative Assets: What Happens to RSUs and Stock Options in a California Divorce?

Divorce can mark a profound turning point in your life – emotionally, financially, and legally. If your marital estate includes complex compensation or assets like restricted stock units (RSUs), stock options, or other alternative assets, the impact can be even greater. These assets often represent years of hard work and future financial security, which makes their division in divorce particularly sensitive and high-stakes.

In California, all property acquired during your marriage is presumed to be community property – meaning it’s subject to a 50/50 division in the case of divorce. But when it comes to RSUs and stock options, that rule isn’t always so straightforward. Factors such as when the grant was made, the vesting schedule, employment-related conditions and restrictions on sale and transfer all play a role in determining whether these assets are community or separate property or a mix of both.

This is where knowledgeable legal guidance makes a real difference. The attorneys at Moradi Neufer have extensive experience helping individuals navigate the division of alternative assets during divorce. We understand how to build clear, compelling arguments to protect what’s rightfully yours and ensure a legally sound financial outcome.

Vested vs. Unvested: What’s the Difference and Why It Matters

One of the most critical distinctions when dividing RSUs and stock options in a divorce is whether they are vested or unvested. This difference isn’t just technical – it can significantly affect how much of the asset is considered divisible in a California divorce (SUPPORT).

• Vested Assets – If your RSUs or stock options are vested, you’ve already earned the right to receive or exercise them, even if you haven’t done so yet. In California, vested options or RSUs granted during your marriage are typically considered community property, and your spouse is usually entitled to a share.  Vested options or RSUs granted prior to your marriage may have a community property interest as well.
• Unvested Assets – Unvested assets, however, are trickier. These are often tied to future performance, continued employment, or time-based milestones. California courts don’t automatically exclude these from division in a divorce. Instead, courts often look at the intent of the grant (was it for past work completed or to incentivize future performance) and when it was issued in relation to your marriage and separation.

Unvested stock options and RSUs may be divided on a pro rata basis or deferred until they vest, depending on the circumstances and legal arguments presented. Without a clear legal strategy, you risk either giving up more than you should or receiving less than you’re owed.

The Hug and Nelson Formulas for Dividing Equity

When RSUs or stock options are partially earned during the marriage and partially earned before or afterwards, California courts often rely on time-based formulas to determine how much of the share belongs to the marital or community estate. The two most common formulas are the Hug Formula and the Nelson Formula, each designed for different types of grants.

• The Hug Formula – The Hug Formula is used when stock options or RSUs are viewed as compensation for past or present employment. This method assigns a portion of the asset to the community based on how much of the vesting period occurred during the marriage. It tends to favor the community property share more heavily.

Hug Formula Overview: Community Share = (Date of Hire to Date of Separation / Date of Hire to Date of Exercisability) * Number of Exercisable Shares or Options.

• The Nelson Formula – The Nelson formula, on the other hand, is used when the asset is seen primarily as incentive for future work. It only counts the time from the grant date to the vesting date, then divides that period based on how much occurred during the marriage. This formula tends to favor the employee spouse.

Nelson Formula Overview: Community Share = (Date of Grant to Date of Separation / Date of Grant to Date of Exercisability) * Number of Exercisable Shares or Options.

Although both formulas are somewhat similar, they produce very different outcomes. Choosing the right formula – and advocating for its use in your case – can have a meaningful impact on how RSUs or stock options are divided in your marriage.

Example: Imagine that you got married in August 2010 and you were hired at your job in September 2012. You were granted 1,000 shares in September 2013. You separated from your spouse in June 2016 and your stock options vested as of September 2018.

Under the Hug Formula, you would calculate the months between your date of hire and date of separation (September 2012 – June 2016 = 45 months) and divide that by the months between your date of hire to the date your stock options vested (September 2012 – September 2018 = 72 months). The community property fraction would be 45 divided by 72, which equals 0.625. Multiply that by the total shares (1000) and the marital or community estate would claim 625 of the total shares.

Under the Nelson Formula, you would calculate the months between the date your stock options were granted and your date of separation (September 2013 – June 2016 = 33 months) and divide that by the months between the date of grant to the date of vesting (September 2013 – September 2018 = 60 months). The community property fraction would be 33 divided by 60, which equals 0.55. Multiply that by the total shares (1000) and the marital or community estate would claim 550 of the total shares.

An experienced attorney can help ensure that the right method is applied and all supporting evidence is presented clearly, from employment records to grant agreements.

Valuing RSUs and Stock Options: Challenges and Considerations

Placing a dollar value on RSUs and stock options in divorce isn’t as straightforward as looking up a stock’s price. The true worth of these alternative assets depends on a range of factors, including vesting schedules, market volatility, employment status, and whether the underlying company is publicly traded or privately held.

• Public company assets are easier to value, since current stock prices are readily available. But even here, timing matters. What if the stock value drops before the RSUs vest? Or what if the value spikes just after your divorce?
• Private company assets introduce far more uncertainty. Without a public market, estimates often rely on speculative or outdated valuations, such as the company’s most recent round of funding or an internal 409A valuation.

Another critical consideration is taxes. RSUs, stock options, and other alternative assets may trigger significant tax consequences when they vest or are exercised. Failing to account for these taxes during valuation can result in a skewed division.

What about deferred or conditional awards? If a stock option or RSU is contingent on future performance or employment milestones, its present-day value may be minimal or even zero – yet it still holds potential worth. In some cases, courts may defer division until after vesting or assign an estimated value with provisions for later adjustment.

In short, alternative asset valuation is rarely simple or static. It requires both legal insights and  financial clarity, often in collaboration with valuation professionals. Without a tailored strategy, you could leave significant value on the table – or be held responsible for assets that never actually materialize. This is where an experienced attorney can be invaluable to your case.

Tax Implications: Who Pays and How Much?

When dividing RSUs and stock options in divorce, tax consequences are often overlooked – yet they can dramatically impact the real value of what each party receives.

• Restricted stock units (RSUs) are generally taxed as ordinary income when they vest and the shares are delivered. This means that if RSUs vest after your divorce, the employee recipient (not their ex-spouse) will be responsible for the income taxes, even if a portion of the shares is technically owed to the ex-spouse. As a result, it’s crucial that you account for this tax burden in the divorce division.
• For stock options – especially non-qualified stock options (NSOs) – taxes are typically due at the time of exercise, not granting or vesting. The timing of exercise can drastically change the tax bill of these assets. Additionally, incentive stock options (ISOs) come with more favorable tax treatment but strict rules. If these rules are violated (e.g., by selling too soon), you could lose the tax advantage.

Without clear agreements in your divorce agreement, the spouse who owns or exercises their options may bear 100% of the tax liability, even if they’re only keeping part of the value.

To avoid disputes, your settlement terms should clarify which spouse is responsible for taxes, state when and how the net proceeds will be divided, and account for withholding and estimated taxes before dividing the asset. If these details aren’t properly anticipated and addressed, the division may appear equal on paper but prove deeply unbalanced in reality.

Challenges With Other Common Alternative Assets

Stock options and RSUs are just the beginning. If your marital estate includes other alternative assets, you’re likely facing additional complexity and risk – when it comes to division.

• Deferred Compensation Plans – These include non-qualified plans like SERPs (Supplemental Executive Retirement Plans), which often don’t vest until long after a divorce. You may need a domestic relations order or defer division until payouts begin.
• Cryptocurrency and Digital Assets – Cryptocurrency can be volatile, hard to trace, and stored in unregulated digital wallets. Accurate disclosures and valuation are key, especially when one spouse may have exclusive control of the accounts.
• Private Equity and Venture Capital Interests – These illiquid assets often come with restrictions, unclear market value, and long holding periods. They can be difficult to divide and may require creative solutions like offsetting their estimated value with more liquid marital property at the time of your divorce.
• Intellectual Property and Royalties – If either spouse owns patents, copyrights, or licensing agreements, these assets may generate ongoing income well after divorce. Valuation must take into account both current revenue and long-term potential.
• Business Ownership – Small businesses, professional practices, or partnerships are common sources of marital wealth. But they often mix personal goodwill with enterprise value, raising questions about what’s divisible and how to assess this accurately.

Each of these alternative assets comes with its own legal and practical considerations. When they’re part of your divorce, it’s critical to work with a team that understands how to evaluate, negotiate, and – when necessary – litigate for a result that protects your financial future.

Negotiating Settlements: Strategies for Equitable Division

When it comes to dividing RSUs, stock options, and other alternative assets, litigation isn’t always the best or only path. In many cases, a negotiated settlement allows for greater flexibility, privacy, and control over the outcome. Here are some common strategies:

• Offsetting Other Assets – One approach is to offset the estimated value of RSUs or stock options with other assets such as real estate, retirement accounts, or cash. This avoids the administrative complexity of dividing stock grants equally.
• Deferred Distribution – For unvested assets or those with uncertain value, a deferred distribution may be preferable. In this scenario, both spouses agree to divide the asset at the time of vesting or exercise, with built-in protections to ensure compliance.
• Use of Trusts or Escrow – Some divorcing spouses choose to place future proceeds (from exercised options or vested RSUs) into escrow accounts or constructive trusts. This ensures that the non-employee spouse receives their share, especially when payouts are delayed or contingent on other conditions.
• Tax Allocation Provisions – Good settlements proactively address tax impacts. This may involve dividing the net proceeds of an asset instead of the gross value, requiring the employee-spouse to withhold and remit taxes before asset distribution, or including language that adjusts future payments if tax rates or liabilities change.
• Clear Language and Enforcement Mechanisms – Any settlement should include detailed, enforceable terms. Vague or uncertain agreements often lead to post-divorce disputes or litigation, especially when RSUs or options vest years later.

By combining strategic planning with detailed language, a negotiated settlement can help you avoid unnecessary legal battles and ensure a more predictable financial outcome.

When RSUs, stock options, and other alternative assets are on the table, divorce becomes more than a personal matter – it becomes a matter of financial stability and long-term security. These are not the type of assets that you want to leave to guesswork or imprecise valuation. The decisions made now will directly impact your financial future for years to come. Having trusted legal representation can help you understand your rights, avoid costly mistakes, and secure a more equitable resolution. Moradi Neufer’s experienced California family law team is deeply familiar with how courts approach these cases and what strategies work at the negotiation table. Contact us now to navigate this process and move forward with clarity and confidence.